The Pet Trade Impact on endangered parrots

July 2022

By Foster Parrots Executive Director, Karen Windsor

Avian veterinarian and the head of One Earth Conservation, Dr. LoraKim Joyner gently folds her fingers around the baby to steady him as she presses her stethoscope against his body and listens. He is naked and smelly and the pin feathers are punching uncomfortably through his hot skin. There is much that can be learned from this exam, not only about the nestling’s health, but also about the health of the parents, the natural habitat and, ultimately, the human communities that share this environment with the birds. When the exam is over and the samples of blood and fecal matter have been taken, this little baby will be placed back into his nest along with his sibling. The nest will be monitored with the hope that the two will be raised here by their parents until they fledge, though this is not guaranteed because poaching in this area is a constant threat. These yellow-naped parrots (aka Amazon) babies are highly prized as pets, and with an estimated loss of 80%-99% of their total population throughout their range over the last 35 years (IUCN 2021), they represent one of the world’s most critically endangered parrot species.

One never imagines, when they purchase a baby parrot from a pet store or from a local breeder, that their purchase incentivizes the illegal poaching of parrots in the wild, resulting in the harm or death of thousands of baby and adult parrots. But it does. That legal purchase confirms the monetary value attached to parrots, which ultimately compels illegal trafficking and the extraction of birds from the wild. On a global scale, between two and five million birds of every species are ripped from their wild places annually. Up to 75% of trafficked parrots will die in transit because the conditions under which illegal transport is conducted are violent and torturous (Cantu, et al 2008).

But many baby parrots targeted by poachers never even make it that far. Poachers often cut down nest trees to access the chicks. Large numbers of these chicks die when their trees come down. If only 25% of poached parrots survive long enough to make it into homes as pets, then those who commercially promote parrots as pets and create the demand are on the hook for a mind-blowing number of dead birds.

Birds are the most abundantly trafficked of all wildlife on a global scale and 90% of trafficked birds are parrots (Furnell 2019). Illegal trafficking not only targets and exploits poverty in indigenous communities, but is also generally enmeshed with corruption and other violent criminal activities such as drug and weapons trafficking. These are the threats that collide with the lives and cultures of indigenous villages. In this respect, what harms the parrots also harms the people. In places like Honduras and Guatemala where macaws and Amazons are all but disappearing, some folks are confronting the violence and are risking their lives for their parrots. LoraKim Joyner recounts the story of her friend, Tomas Manzanares, an indigenous community leader in the village of La Moskitia in Honduras, who was shot four times in 2010 and nearly died trying to protect La Moskitia’s land, people and scarlet macaws. “Tomas showed me his scars and recovering wounds,” LoraKim says. “I asked him why he was willing to risk his life to return to help his parrots and he said, ‘Doctora, everything is at risk, and I’m willing to risk everything. If the birds don’t make it, neither do my people.’”(Joyner, Portillo-Reyes, 2018)

But not everybody survives. In 2020 Pedro Viteri Arriola, who worked with the NGO Alliance, COLORES, was murdered trying to protect an Amazon nest on his ranch in Guatemala. The chicks were taken. In 2021 in La Moskitia, parrot ranger, Narciso Montoya, was murdered as well (L. Joyner, blog 2021). Conservation organizations working in the field to confront the demand for parrots as pets live with the heartbreak of losing the parrots they love… and also the people they love.

These days the majority of parrots trafficked in Mesoamerica stay in Mesoamrica where the relationship of the people to their parrots remains an indelible aspect of their culture and where parrots have been kept as pets, used in rituals and medicine, harvested for their feathers, and even hunted for food for centuries (Cantu, et al 2006). But the rapid decline in flagship species like scarlet and great green macaws, yellow-naped parrots and yellow-headed parrots throughout their native ranges is astounding and deeply concerning. The IUCN Red List assessment of yellow-naped Amazons went from “of least concern” in 2004 to “critically endangered” in 2021, with remaining parrots now numbering only between 1000 and 2499 (IUCN 2021). As few as 1500 scarlet macaws (Central American subspecies m. cyanopterus) remain throughout their range from Mexico to Costa Rica. While trafficking into the U.S. has declined significantly over the past 3 decades, trafficking of parrots in their countries of origin and across borders into neighboring Mesoamerican countries continues to meet the demand. But is the dramatic decline in parrot numbers evidence of an increase in demand? Colum Muccio, Director of Development for the Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Association in Guatemala, ponders the question. “We are getting fewer confiscated animals at our rescue centers, but is that due to less effort on the part of enforcement authorities (probably), or is there less trafficking (probably not) or is wildlife simply being wiped out? All this depends on the species. I think with the yellow-naped parrots we can pretty safely say…the animals are being wiped out. “

Also of concern to conservationists is the preservation of natural habitat sufficient to sustain wild parrot repopulation efforts. “Over the years, we have shifted from purely wildlife rescue and rehab to habitat protection,” Colum continues. “Why are we saving all these chicks if they don't have anywhere in which they can be released? Also, the wildlife trade is just such an incredible waste; so few animals make it to market. Wildlife rescue and rehab is so difficult, and probably only about 50% of the animals we receive are successfully rehabilitated and returned to the wild to fulfill their role in the ecosystem. So we really need to focus on protecting habitat and busting traffickers.”

right to left: Yellow-naped Amazon parrot chicks in a nest in Nicaragua. Because of conservationists risking their well-being, this critical species has a chance to maintain its populations in some parts of its range; Poached parrots crammed in cages in Dominican Republic. This page, left to right: Dr. Joyner (on right) and a forest ranger examine an Amazon chick in Belize, temporarily removed from her nest to monitor health; The early years of the Rescue and Liberation Center in Mabita, La Moskitia Honduras when security concerns meant that the conservation team had to travel with military support. Unfortunately that is once again the case. Photos by One Earth Conservation unless otherwise noted.

The Wild Bird Conservation Act (WBC) of 1992 and the 2007 ban on the importation of wild-caught birds into the European Union dramatically reduced parrot imports into those markets, but like water around a stone, the trade in parrots has recalibrated and found alternative international pathways. Guyana and Surinam, the only two countries in South America that still legally allow the exportation of their wildlife, not only condone the trapping of their own birds, but they also serve as funnels for illegally trafficked parrots from neighboring countries, Brazil and Venezuela – and beyond. Western Asia, Africa and the Middle East continue to offer enthusiastic markets for parrots whether endangered or not, and many parrots exported from Guyana and Surinam oblige these markets (Chan, et al 2021).

Domestic parrot breeding exploded in the U.S. after the Wild Bird Conservation Act went into effect, transforming what had once been a cottage industry into one of the most lucrative of all exotic wildlife industries in the U.S., placing over 20 million parrots in American homes over the last 30 years (Statistica 2017). But curiously, this has not eliminated the smuggling of parrots across the Mexican border into the U.S. A 2007 study by Defenders of Wildlife revealed that over 100,000 parrots are smuggled into Mexico every year, and while most parrots captured in Mexico or trafficked there from other Central American countries remain in Mexico, an estimated 9,700 are illegally smuggled into the U.S. That’s still a lot of wild-caught parrots. And it’s mindboggling to think that parrots are still being smuggled into a country that is buckling under the weight of an overwhelming unwanted parrot problem.

Based in San Diego, SoCal Parrot, is a nonprofit wildlife rehabilitation facility dedicated to rescue, rehabilitation and release of wild naturalized, non-invasive parrots of southern California. To further wild parrot conservation, education and protection, SoCal Parrot works with officials and confronts the tragedy of illegal trafficking across the border. When traffickers are apprehended and smuggled parrots are confiscated by officials, folks believe the parrots have been saved and there’s a happy ending to the story. That is generally not the case, and ultimately the rescue/confiscation itself becomes a part of the tragedy. Veterinarian, Dr. Patricia Latas, is a board member and advisor with SoCal Parrot, and her work now is focused on confiscated wild parrots, avenues to their recovery and rehabilitation, and supporting the success of naturalized wild parrots in the urban landscape. “It is difficult and often impossible to return poached parrots to the wild,” she explains. “These birds are far from home and have suffered unimaginably during capture, transport and smuggling techniques. Customs/Border Protection, USFWS, and USDA-APHIS officials do not have the manpower, resources or experience to care for the birds immediately on seizure, nor to rehabilitate following mandatory quarantine. Many non-endangered confiscated parrots are euthanized. Neonates are usually euthanized because officials don’t have the time, equipment, facilities and know-how to feed them. "

Janet Trumble, the Operations Director at Oasis Sanctuary in Arizona, also witnesses the tragedy of birds confiscated at the border. “Since we are in the region, we are so often contacted for birds coming up through Mexico,” Janet says. “Most of these cases are small seizures... one, two maybe three birds. Large seizures aren't seen as often at the Mexico border, at least not the numbers or regularity seen with the African species.” According to the NGO, Defenders of Wildlife, however, it can be assumed that successful seizures of parrots at the U.S. border represent only 1%-3% of the actual number of birds trafficked.

The consumer demand for parrots as pets is a call that’s heard around the world, ensuring there will always be a global market. But how can we love parrots without hurting them? LoraKim Joyner and I work at opposite ends of the same problem, and we meet in the middle to try to support one another through our devastation: she trying to reconcile the death and loss she experiences in the field as she fights to save parrots, me having hit my ceiling for seeing parrots in cages and witnessing the neglect, abuse, and degradation of their lives in captivity.

“I feel more strongly than ever that extractive economies with demand and consumerism fueling them are harming all of us at very deep levels,” LoraKim offers. “This goes beyond the politics of the trade and keeping parrots as pets. This is a basic existential threat to earth and her beings, including humans. Having a parrot in the home is a harmful behavior that seeks to repair the alienation we all feel. We want intimacy with the earth and we use birds in the home as a way to soothe our aching hearts. We have to find other ways.”

June 30, 2016

Introducing Snowbird, Tucker and Digit

June 30, 2016/ Danika Oriol-Morway

Foster Parrots is lucky to have an amazing family of volunteers who bring a diversity of skills and experiences to our sanctuary. In the summer of 2016 Colleen DeSimone joined our volunteer force as part of a school project in community engagement, part of her class assignment was to write blog posts about our sanctuary and her experience here. We take pride knowing that our work here is not only to take care of these amazing animals, but also to offer people an opportunity to grow and learn!

by Colleen DeSimone, Student & Foster Parrots Volunteer

While I’ve only volunteered at Foster Parrots for a short time, I’ve already become very fond of the beautiful birds that live here. Some of these feathered creatures have been retired here, while others, sadly, have been abused in some way, and have been rescued by Foster Parrots and given a new home where they are loved and nurtured. This is where they come to have their dignity restored.
Whatever their previous circumstances, they now reside in large, spotlessly clean cages, each having a distinctive personality that is both endearing and sometimes, a little frightening. Of course, this means they have their bad days from time to time. These birds are intelligent and have some very human characteristics. It is this humaness that I hope to capture and introduce to you in a way that allows you to see them as I do.

1. Snowbird: An English Gentleman

I’d like you to meet Snowbird. He is one of the retirees here and loves humans and human contact. He’s a gentle, affectionate soul. His movements are deliberate and controlled, and when he turns to look at you, he’s the picture of calm tranquility, and enquiry.
“Aren’t you going to scratch, or at the very least, talk to me?” his watchful expression seems to say.
I think he’d look perfectly debonair in a top hat and cane!
Snowbird has a roommate named Sweet Pea who could be called quite a few things, but sweet is definitely not one of them! He has a particularly angry, mafia-type character, and is only a third of Snowbirds size. He patrols and sits in the front of the cage, waiting for unwary visitors to venture close and mistake him for another sweet soul.
Fortunately, not even Sweet Pea seems to phase the gentle Snowbird.

2. Tucker: Huh, who's there?!

Aaah, and then there’s young Tucker, an interesting person to be sure. The first time I became aware of him, I was startled and somewhat disconcerted to find him peering down at me, quite calmly, from his perch on the cage above, exactly like he is now.

At first I thought it was a joke, like when a hunter has the head of an animal they’ve killed “taxidermied,” and mounted on a wall.

Thankfully that wasn’t the case at all, he simply believes that the view is far better outside than it is inside the cage. I think he likes to pop out for a breath of fresh air from time to time, to get away from his roommates and gather his thoughts. Well, whatever it is, it’s very entertaining!

“Oh look, there is more!”

3. Digit: What are you looking at?

Last, but certainly not least, is Digit, also a retiree, and a very special bird. His little feet are deformed so he’s unable to hold onto a perch, and so he sits on a soft, warm platform that is easy to balance on.
He adores Monica, and is in his element when he gets to sit with her during the day, soaking up all the love and attention she bestows on him.
I made the mistake of thinking he was a gentle bundle of feathers, but he also has his feisty side. Apparently, he’s been unwell for some time, and now that he’s feeling better, he’s found his inner Cockatooness, which when directed at me, is loosely sandwiched between a smidgen of aloofness and complete and utter boredom. However, I haven’t given up trying to woo him over to my way of thinking with pistachios and pieces of apple. I know, I know, it is bribery, but he won’t know! Actually, parrots are quite extraordinary in this regard, most of the time they either like you, or they don’t, period.

Well, that’s all for this edition, but I’ll be back with more interesting introductions to birds like Sweet Pea/Birdfather, and others.

- Colleen Desimone, Foster Parrots Volunteer

January 15, 2016

Remembering there is love, even when saying goodbye.

January 15, 2016/ Danika Oriol-Morway

Today I had intended to write a blog post glowing about the success of our fantastic Open House last weekend. I had pictures gathered and had already formed a narrative of what I was going to say - proud, happy and excited for the future. But instead now I find myself creatively and emotionally stuck on today and in particular a bird named Tuesday.

This afternoon we said a final goodbye to Tuesday, a small and elderly Senegal Parrot. She had a mate named Lurch, was mostly blind and had little interest in people. Unable to live in our feisty Senegal aviary, Tuesday and Lurch had their own cage where they lived together for many years. But tonight Lurch will be alone, a reality that weighs heavy on all of us at the sanctuary.

Working in animal rescue, sanctuary or dealing with our own companions - the passing of an animal is inevitable. It is part of our burden as caregivers to watch and help these animals we love so deeply - or animals we barely even know - pass on in peace. Since being at the sanctuary I have been witness to a handful of animals passing away and it is always sad no matter the circumstances.

But sometimes their passing touches us differently than we expect.

Today my sadness was not just for Tuesday and Lurch, who were at the center of this heartbreaking moment, but my sadness was also for us. For the people who care for these animals. Today I watched 3 amazing and stunningly strong women struggle through the emotional and ethical battlefield of deciding on when and how to intervene on an animal’s inevitable passing. Huddled together in our small medical room, glancing down at Tuesday, then at each other, then back at Tuesday. Each of us shared our own stories trying to remember the “right” way to make this decision. We offered ideas of how we would want it if we were Tuesday, or what we think Lurch would want, or what Tuesday would want in this moment. The conversation circled. And circled again. And again. In the end our veterinarian made the decision for us.

No matter how clear the signs might be – this type of decision will never come clearly. To not be able to know for sure what they want or need. Are they thirsty? Are they in pain? To never have an end of life discussion with them, to not have a written and signed Will instructing us on what to do and how to do it. These animals have never had a choice over their own lives. And it almost feels cruel to have to make this choice for them too. But we do. And that is what hit me today while watching my friends and colleagues struggle through the gravity of a decision we have all made before. But no matter how familiar this feeling is, it never gets easier and it never lessens its sting.

Without trying to sound overly optimistic, I truly believe working with animals helps us see and experience our own humanity. With all of the heartbreak that can be found in animal rescue just remind yourself this heartbreak is a sometimes a painful reminder that you are human, you are sensitive, you are caring and loving. We are lucky to have this amazing ability to love so deeply any and all creatures - no matter the form. We just need to see the love in these moments, even when it hurts. I cannot thank our staff and volunteers enough for taking care of these animals with such heart and dedication.

Goodbye Tuesday – fly free wherever you may be.

December 18, 2015

Zilla goes to the vet

December 18, 2015/ Danika Oriol-Morway

Yesterday our animal caregiver Joanne noticed that Zilla, our resident iguana, appeared agitated in her enclosure. Immediately we knew there was something wrong, as we watched our normally slow moving Zilla pace back and forth and up and down in her enclosure trying to find a comfortable place to stop and rest. So off to Dr. Hank's she went!

It was a nasty drive in the dark and the rain, with a sick iguana in a carrier in my back seat. But as many of you know, when an animal is not feeling well time is of the essence.

We rescued Zilla back in 2013 from the all to often typical life in a fish tank that many iguanas live. Over the past year and a half we have enjoyed watching Zilla grow in size and into a truly stunning animal.

We are incredibly lucky to work with Dr. Hank Wietsma, who is not only an avian expert but also specializes in exotics.

Here is Dr. Hank Wietsma (Right) and Dr. Sam Lester examining Zilla and giving me a crash course in iguana anatomy!

Dr. Wietsma explained that the small line of pores on the inside of her leg indicate that she is female and that if she were male these pores would be larger and more noticeable.

Zilla shows off her healthy pink mouth. While the tail is often the scary power part of an iguana, this mouth apparently can do a heck of a lot of damage too!

Upon examination Dr. Wietsma recommended we do blood work and x-rays to get a better idea of what is going on with our sweet (and at this point mildly frustrated) Zilla.

As we all hoped - "little" Zilla is perfectly healthy! But is full of eggs and looking to nest. Dr. Wietsma explained that the scalloping you can see in the x-ray (by the white arrow) are a cluster of developing eggs. Now it is important that we watch her eating habits and weight as we wait for her to pass the eggs. Just like parrots, iguanas can also become egg bound, a life threatening condition when an animal is unable to pass developed eggs which can require emergency surgery to correct.

We have created quite and warm nesting areas for her in her enclosure that will hopefully encourage her to lay these eggs soon.

Thank you to all the technicians and staff at Coventry Animal Hospital who go above and beyond to help take care of our animals - both feathered and scaly.

I will keep you posted on how things go with Zilla. Its never a dull moment here at the sanctuary!

December 16, 2015

Freedom is beautiful

December 16, 2015/ Danika Oriol-Morway

I love this video and felt the need to share it tonight. Just a simple reminder of why we do what we do.

More posts to come this week I promise - lots of stuff happening at the sanctuary these days. So much so its hard to find the time to write a decent blog post! Please keep checking back in, I promise I will have some fun sanctuary pictures and news up soon.

Lots of love - Danika

Video Credit: Charlie Fayers

December 06, 2015

First Post!

December 06, 2015/ Danika Oriol-Morway

Its about 9:30 at night and I finally got the green light that our hosting network has redirected our domain name to our new address. Whew! Our site is officially live and I couldn't be happier!

I hope you enjoy the new design and will check back in on our blog regularly. Today's first post is going to be a short one, since I am deliriously tired and need to pull my eyes away from the computer.

I will be back in the morning with proper hello and introduction to our blog.

Lots of love,

Danika

Daily Life

The Pet Trade Impact on endangered parrots

I will keep you posted on how things go with Zilla. Its never a dull moment here at the sanctuary!